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FRC Lab Report: Digital Security Risk Disclosure - Example Bank

Contents

• Introduction
• Strategy
• Governance
• Risks
• Events
• Strategy (Examples)
• Governance (Examples)
• Strategy
• Governance
• Risks
• Events
• Strategy (Examples)
• Governance (Examples)
• Driving towards technology excellence
• Proliferation of data
• Advances in automation and technology
• A changing regulatory environment
• Treating data with respect
• Security governance
• Our vision
• Our mission
• Our strategy
• Innovation and Technology Committee report
• Governance (Examples)
• Trust
• Trust Charter, Schneider Electric’s Code of Conduct
• 2021 highlights
• Schneider 2021 Vigilance risk matrix
• Company insight: Schneider Electric SE
• Cybersecurity and data privacy

Introduction

Business continuity and resilience

Digital security is fundamental to business continuity, resilience and value creation. Reporting on these areas should provide relevant information to investors and other stakeholders to assist them in assessing a company's ability to remain viable and resilient.

Context

As part of the project, the Lab reviewed current disclosure practices (up to May 2022) to identify examples of better practice.

This example bank supplements the full project report which provides insight into investors needs, challenges for companies and some suggestions for disclosures which align to investor needs.

Disclosure, materiality and the risk of ‘over-disclosure’

As part of the project we engaged widely with various stakeholders. Participants noted that, on average, current disclosures are not sufficient to meet investor and other stakeholder needs. While there were concerns expressed from some that additional digital security-related disclosure in itself could create risks for companies, there was an equal number who highlighted the opposite, noting in their view, that a lack of disclosure or overly static 'boilerplate' disclosure was in itself a flag that a company was not sufficiently emphasising digital security.

The examples in this bank link to key aspects of disclosure identified as useful in the project. When determining which disclosures to provide, consideration should be taken of materiality for the company, potential sensitivity of the information and whether they provide sufficient information to users.

These examples are based on our review of market practice up to May 2022. As reporting and disclosure practice in this area develops we may consider updating these examples.

This example bank is designed to be read alongside the main report but can be used separately as a guide relating to current better practice disclosure.

The key findings from the project have been included in the following pages to provide further context for this example bank.

Strategy

Investors want (where relevant) disclosures that:

• provide the context for digital security and strategy and its importance to the company's broader strategy and business model and ability to generate value;
• indicate how external trends associated with digital security and strategy are integrated into the company's approach; and
• link digital security and strategy disclosure to the company's broader strategy.

Audit committees should consider whether the disclosures:

• make sense in the context of the company's broader strategy;
• clearly communicate the company's digital transformation and data strategy; and
• explain how digital transformation and its related risks can advance or hinder the attainment of future strategic objectives.

Reporting and risk disclosure teams should consider:

Core disclosures that:

• set out how the business model and strategy impact, and are impacted by, digital and data;
• set out the company's (planned) approach to respond to internal and external digital factors; and
• indicate how developed the company's data and digital transformation strategy is and whether there are any associated KPIs.

Enhanced disclosures that:

• set out how technology and digital support the future business model and the actions and investments the company has made;
• provide specific details of digital transformation trends; and
• provide a consistent narrative throughout the report (or are included in a report from the Chief Technology Officer (CTO)) with clear links to other strategic areas and related decisions.

Governance

Investors want (where relevant) disclosures that:

• detail the governance structures, culture and processes the company has in place to support digital security and strategy;
• link the governance of digital transformation and security risks to strategy and risk appetite;
• show how the board, and its committees, have oversight of these risks. This may also include who within the company has ownership of specific risks, and the access they have to senior leaders;
• explain what a company has done to foster a digital security (or cybersecurity) culture; and
• outline the relevant skills of the board and any assurance obtained.

Audit committees should consider whether the disclosures clearly communicate:

• who the risk owners or responsible officers are and how they contribute to 'senior-level' discussions;
• what steps (including recruitment and training) are being taken to determine whether the appropriate skills exist within the board and company (and whether these steps are fit for purpose); and
• what role internal audit and the audit committee play in relation to digital security and strategy risks.

Reporting and risk disclosure teams should consider:

Core disclosures that:

• cross refer to strategic drivers or business model within the audit and risk committee section;
• explain board and committee structure and the make-up of a digital committee if in place; and
• reference surveys, cyber-related training and other activities conducted during the period.

Enhanced disclosures that:

• provide CTO (or equivalent) reports on opportunities and threats;
• set out issues that the board and committees have considered, name owners of specific risks and detail how these tie to specific oversight committees and the role of the CTO (or equivalent); and
• detail development of a cyber and digital culture within the organisation, including monitoring and targets.

Risks

Investors want (where relevant) disclosures that:

• link the digital security and strategy risks to strategic objectives and risk appetite;
• consider the actions and activities taken to mitigate risk and how risks have evolved;
• provide information about the risk and mitigations at the right level of granularity; and
• connect digital security and strategy with disclosures on viability and resilience.

Audit committees should consider whether the disclosures clearly communicate:

• whether a rigorous risk identification process has been undertaken;
• what the company considers to be the optimal level of risk;
• how the company's digital security strategy is communicated throughout the organisation and supply chain and how this is reviewed/monitored;
• that the company/board understand the threat landscape, company vulnerabilities, risk appetite, mitigating actions and effectiveness; and
• the extent to which there is reliance on third parties.

Reporting and risk disclosure teams should consider:

Core disclosures that:

• cross refer to strategic objectives and risk appetite and indicate the owner of each risk;
• provide detail of frameworks, mitigations and actions;
• set out the elements that are reflective across the group or highlight specific areas of the business that are impacted; and
• set out the impacts of digital transformation and data within the prospects assessment, assumptions and in the context of stress testing.

Enhanced disclosures that:

• provide more detail on the oversight process, identify associated opportunities and provide clear and specific links to viability and resilience scenarios;
• provide risk actions and mitigations at a granular level relevant to the business (e.g. product, segment, operation or geography) or consider the wider value chain (customers, suppliers etc.); and
• provide more detail of 'cyber scenarios' (e.g. length of disruption, cost, division, regulatory response) considered and/or of connected scenarios.

Events

Investors want (where relevant) disclosures that:

• highlight the impacts of events (internal and external) and the actions and activities that respond to these.

Specifically where the company has been the subject of a cyber incident, provide information about:

• the incident and its immediate impacts;
• mitigating actions taken and their objective and effectiveness;
• the work of the board to facilitate recovery from the incident;
• the quantified financial impact of the incident; and
• any improvements and amendments made, or to be made, in response to the incident.

Audit committees should consider whether the disclosures clearly communicate:

• whether the incident response plans had functioned adequately;
• whether incident escalation channels had been adequately established and functioned effectively to inform key decision makers about the incident in a timely manner;
• whether the incident (or type of incident) had been anticipated in some form (or had the event not been foreseen at all); and
• how accurately cyber-related risks had been considered in the company's various scenario analyses.

Reporting and risk disclosure teams should consider:

Core disclosures that:

• provide information about the nature of the incident and its immediate impacts (subject to interaction with other reporting and regulatory requirements); and
• explain the shorter term mitigations and actions taken to restore operations and reduce customer impacts.

Enhanced disclosures that:

• provide detail of response to the issue by internal audit, the board and its committees in understanding the issue, managing the incident, assessing the effectiveness of remediation work conducted and learning lessons for the future.
• quantify the estimated financial impact (if material) of the incident and impacts on future capital expenditures.
• explain how learnings and changes have fed through to the net and gross risk and longer-term viability and resilience.

Strategy (Examples)

Helping investors understand	Extract
The context for digital security and strategy and its importance to a company's broader strategy, business model and ability to generate value	IAG: Experian
How external trends associated with digital security and strategy are integrated into the company's approach	IAG: Experian
How digital security and strategy disclosure links to the company's broader strategy	BAE Systems

IAG Annual Report 2021, p62

What is useful?

IAG has included a report from the Chief Information Officer which clearly explains the current and future digital and technology-based strategy in the context of the company's markets and stakeholders.

Reporting 'directly from the CIO' further illustrates the company's commitment to technology and digitisation in achieving its strategic objectives.

Driving towards technology excellence

John Gibbs Chief Information Officer

"In 2021, we completed the work on our new IT/ Digital operating model and are focused on driving continuous improvements to our ways of working, including creating an environment where our technology professionals can thrive."

Overview

Our new IAG Tech operating model is now live, with improvements to the products and services we offer the business; increased efficiency and effectiveness of our value streams and processes; adoption of modern methods and tools; a leaner organisation structure; clearer roles and accountabilities, and improved governance with enhanced reporting. This has resulted in new capabilities being delivered faster and more regularly due to the adoption of agile methodologies. We also saw reductions in the number of incidents affecting our customers and a decrease in the time to restore services. Progress was hampered though, by our need to support the business in responding to COVID-19, for example reducing investments to preserve cash. However, we have maintained our focus on increasing the maturity of our cyber security capabilities, including strengthening our Security Operations Centre and the start of a new Group-wide identity and access management solution.

Our people

We have launched a new IAG Tech website as part of our strategy to create a thriving technology community that attracts and retains the very best talent. We now have over 1,500 active members of our guilds sharing best practice and knowledge, supported by a learning academy that is developing our future digital leaders. We also welcomed our second intake of graduates and apprentices.

Our Digital Factory is rapidly deploying Robotic Process Automation and Low Code Solutions to automate processes and help our employees, for example, chatbots that can answer questions on our Ground Operations Manual. This automation is being accelerated through a Digital Champions network that identifies the opportunities and seeks to exploit this technology.

We continue to modernise our internal systems, for example, the upgrade of our call centre technology for British Airways in UK and Hong Kong. We are improving decision-making through use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, data analytics and dashboards including the deployment of a digital boardroom for our IAG GBS management team.

Our customers

We introduced a wide variety of solutions to assist with travel in a COVID-19 world including automating the validation of customers' travel documentation, pre-ordering of onboard food and drink, and biometric boarding.

Our omni-channel strategy saw the introduction of voice recognition, chatbots and WhatsApp used by our Iberia customers. In parallel, enhancements have been made to all .com platforms including dynamic pricing capability for fares and ancillaries. We increased self-service capabilities such as introducing disruption management onto airport kiosks. We also introduced new distribution channels for our travel agent partners.

We have supported partnership launches and the delivery of the Global Loyalty Platform for Aer Lingus, Iberia and Vueling, providing a more customised and better experience for our customers.

We migrated Vueling onto our Salesforce platform which enabled us to deploy chatbots to handle routine tasks and answer many of our customer's questions. This resulted in a 60 per cent reduction in back office workload and improved customer satisfaction to over 90 per cent.

Our planet

Our fifth Hangar 51 innovation accelerator platform explored how new technologies can help us meet our sustainability commitments, and improve operational efficiency, performance, safety, and customer experience.

Many of our technology investments also contribute to our sustainability plan. This included investments in network, aircraft and operational planning systems to reduce the environmental footprint of our flights; the introduction of pre-ordering of food and drink onboard that has reduced waste; and the launch of three data centre migration programmes that will move all of our systems onto new infrastructure hosted in the cloud, providing enhanced resilience, performance and an 80 per cent lower CO2 footprint for our technology.

Looking forward

We have three main priorities in 2022, in our pursuit of Technology Excellence. We will accelerate the delivery of the new technology capabilities required to support the Group's transformation, including making significant progress on our data centre migration and replacing obsolescence. We will continue to embed and improve the IAG Tech operating model. We will continue to develop a culture where we value the diversity across our technology professionals, ensure that everyone feels included and is treated equally, and that we have a thriving and supportive community with a strong sense of belonging.

Experian Annual Report 2021, p19

What is useful?

Experian details how data, digital and cyber trends are developing and feeding directly into the strategy, risks and opportunities for the business over the short, medium and long-term.

This disclosure sets the tone for the rest of the report. The company then includes detailed disclosure on the processes, approaches and actions it is taking in these areas (see next page).

Proliferation of data

Trend

As the world moves increasingly online, the amount of data available is growing at an extraordinary pace. Of all current data, 90% has been created in the last two years, and 127 new devices connect to the internet every second. As well as the increased amount available, it is becoming cheaper for businesses to store, manage and analyse data. However, these businesses need to understand the many data sources available to them in order to improve decision-making.

New data sources, made available through open banking in the UK and USA, and positive data in Brazil, are giving organisations access to rich, up-to-date information. However, to optimise opportunities in these challenging times, businesses need to embrace advanced analytics tools, capable of connecting disparate datasets and making the information more usable.

Our response

We develop solutions to offer sophisticated platforms to help clients take advantage of data proliferation. For example, Ascend Intelligence Services uses AI and machine learning to support continuous improvement of strategic models for clients. This frees up data-scientist time from model building and monitoring activities, it means data can be integrated into models faster, and produces an endpoint that can be utilised by PowerCurve and Experian One. It can offer real-time market insights, benchmarking and health monitoring.

We are evolving our analytics portfolio in response to client demand for a shift towards cloud-based products. We are investing in a roadmap of innovation to evolve from a largely on-premise software business towards a cloud-first, digital-first, API-enabled and scalable platform business. This transformation is well underway and began with our investments to unify and standardise our product suites, easing the process of scaling these globally.

For example, PowerCurve migration to the cloud provides an adaptable platform that enables decisions to be designed to client needs and combines rich data and advanced analytics to drive decisions at scale. The modular design offers agility, and our continual augmentation of machine learning into the platform can bring greater connectivity to the businesses we serve, with frictionless experiences for their consumers.

Advances in automation and technology

Trend

Businesses in all industries are looking to AI and machine learning to automate processes in order to operate more efficiently, and secure productivity gains. New technologies are revolutionising industries, and businesses are investing to remain competitive, with over 95% of Fortune 1000 organisations stating they are investing in big data and AI.

Automation can personalise customer experiences, make online transactions simpler, automate logistics and optimise business decisions, allowing companies to generate significant efficiencies and redeploy their staff to do jobs which require a higher level of human input.

Our response

We are transforming our technology stack to a modern, resilient, scalable and secure cloud-based architecture to accelerate product delivery to clients. Investment in the best technology is critical to the way we ingest, store and secure data, as well as to the way we develop and deliver our products. It is one of the critical factors in how we can maintain and extend competitive advantage. Technology enables us to link Experian and third-party data assets to create innovative products.

In addition, we use technology to enhance our own processes, which has improved productivity. It has allowed us to reduce our conventional cost base and release funds for investment in new opportunities, such as further innovation. For example, we continue to invest in our RPA (Robotic Process Automation) capability and have automated 377 of our key processes, equating to more than 350 years of manual activity time saved since project inception.

95% of Fortune 1000 organisations state they are investing in big data and AI

A changing regulatory environment

Trend

Regulators are becoming increasingly more active in protecting consumer data and privacy rights, and there are now significant financial and reputational consequences for non-compliance. Cybercrime is also increasing, and there is much greater scrutiny of data protection.

As data custodians, businesses have a responsibility to safeguard consumer privacy. We believe we can help our clients and consumers meet their responsibilities in this more demanding environment.

Regulators are opening up banking and other data-rich industries, encouraging consumers to ensure they get the best possible deal.

Our response

We work with regulators to ensure we comply fully with all new regulations, and engage in public debate to ensure policy-makers take into account our views and those of our industry. We develop new services to help our clients remain compliant with regulations that affect them.

Protecting consumer privacy and information security is extremely important to us. We have programmes that evaluate every product and service to ensure we strike the right balance between consumers' privacy expectations and the economic benefit to both consumers and clients. Furthermore, we are channelling investment into our multi-layered and extensive information security programme to manage and protect against cyber security risks, by continually upgrading our security infrastructure in an ever-changing environment.

Accurate data is fundamental to our reputation and business success. We constantly strive to increase the accuracy of our data in a competitive market, to ensure customers can have confidence in the services we provide.

Experian Annual Report 2021, p43 and p44

What is useful?

Experian details how data, digital and cyber trends are developing and feeding directly into the strategy, risks and opportunities for the business over the short, medium and long-term.

Treating data with respect

Accuracy

Data is the lifeblood of our business. So ensuring we collect, store and manage data safely and appropriately is fundamental to our ongoing success. It's important our clients and customers know we take our responsibilities very seriously when it comes to managing data securely, ensuring privacy measures are managed effectively, the data we hold is accurate and we are open and transparent about the data we hold and the way it is processed.

Security

Safeguarding data We hold vast amounts of data on people and businesses. The loss or inappropriate use of data and systems could result in material loss of business, substantial legal liability, regulatory enforcement actions and significant harm to our reputation.

Our approach We continually enhance our security infrastructure, practices and culture across the business through our SecurityFirst programme. We invest heavily in cyber security and have specialist teams, state-of-the-art technology and rigorous due diligence procedures to deal with potential threats.

Our security approach has three tiers: applying tools and processes to prevent threats from entering our environment; detecting if a threat enters our environment; and mitigating any threats by minimising the potential for information to be extracted from our environment.

Protecting our perimeter

We have a defence-in-depth approach to protecting our critical data assets, which provides multiple layers of control and protection.

• Perimeter scanning Scanning the perimeter for open access and scanning applications for regulatory compliance
• Firewall Blocks unauthorised access while permitting outward communication
• Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) Examines network traffic flows to detect and prevent vulnerability exploitation
• Web Application Firewall (WAF) Filters, monitors, and blocks HTTP traffic to and from web applications
• Realtime Application Self Protection (RASP) Detects and blocks computer attacks by taking advantage of information from inside the running software

Server protection Antivirus, host security, continuous reporting

Privacy

Our approach We have controls in place to check for compliance and constantly scan for potential threats, with several layers of protection for our data assets (see diagram below). Our perimeter deflects tens of thousands of attempts every day.

Our Global Security Operations Centre works around the clock to identify suspicious or malicious activity, with teams in Malaysia, the UK and the USA, as well as automated tools and AI. If they identify a threat, our incident response team steps in to eliminate it with support from in-house forensic data specialists and external experts if required.

We gather intelligence to help our security teams stay ahead of evolving cyber threats. This year, we expanded our interaction with law enforcement authorities and others in our industry to help give each other early warnings of high-potential cyber security threats. We also share our knowledge to help other businesses and consumers keep their data safe. Our annual Data Breach Industry Forecast for 2021 highlighted areas that have become increasingly vulnerable to cyber attack in the COVID-19 era. Predicted threats include vaccination misinformation and disruption, hackers holding home devices for ransom, and exploitation of 'track and trace' apps to gain access to personal user information.

This year, COVID-19 led to almost our entire workforce moving to homeworking and we took steps to provide employees with secure remote connections to our systems. Most data breaches involve some human interaction, often something as simple as clicking a link in an email. Our email and web browsing controls protect against this kind of malware, and our security training also encourages people to think carefully about what they are clicking on.

Our Development, Security and Operations (DevSecOps) teams work together to build security considerations into our products throughout their lifecycle, from start to finish. We use a range of processes, including manual penetration testing, to discover, detect and remediate any potential security risks at every stage of product development - from concept to coding, build, quality assurance and production.

We conduct regular risk assessments and vulnerability checks, and our operations are subject to external cyber security audits every year. Simulated exercises and a global data breach plan prepare our cyber security teams and senior leaders to respond rapidly in the event of a breach.

Security governance

The Chief Information Security Officer has overall responsibility for Experian's global security strategy and the Global Security Office (GSO) sets relevant policies and standards. The Security and Continuity Steering Committee which includes the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Information Officer - oversees our approach to keeping data secure and protecting consumer information. It reviews key metrics on security tools, compliance and training completion rates every month. The Audit Committee also receives progress reports at each of its meetings.

We have a comprehensive Global Security Policy and controls based on the internationally recognised ISO 27001 standard. Our robust information security programme builds on industry-recognised procedures, including the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) framework. We seek and receive third-party assurance through ISO 27001 certifications of key business areas and systems, as well as other recognised external accreditations of our security programmes. For example, we hold a Cyber Essentials Certification and perform risk assessments against our critical and external-facing applications annually.

Security, Audit and Risk teams work together to continually improve our assurance capabilities and test the effectiveness of our controls. Our Three Lines of Defence model for risk management (see page 73) includes review by Global Internal Audit and oversight from the Board. Any potential policy breaches are thoroughly investigated and we take disciplinary action where appropriate.

The GSO conducts due diligence to identify any potential risks before an acquisition, followed by an in-depth post-acquisition security assessment that is reviewed by Global Internal Audit.

When it is necessary to provide third parties with access to our data and systems, the GSO ensures we provide access in line with our information security requirements. We extend stringent standards on information security to our suppliers and partners through the terms of our contracts. All third parties are risk assessed. Of our nearly 13,000 active third parties, 1,674 have been identified as significant or high risk and all of these have undergone more in-depth assurance by the GSO.

Security requirements are tiered based on this risk assessment, and can include increased controls for higher-risk third parties. We monitor compliance through our third-party risk management framework and third parties identified as significant or high risk are added to the GSO's continuous monitoring programme which alerts us to any material changes to trigger follow-up action if needed.

Our information security culture

At Experian, information security is everyone's responsibility. We set out clear requirements for employees and business units in our Security Risk Management and Governance Policy. We invest significant time and resources in training and awareness on information security through our SecurityFirst programme.

Our strong information security culture starts from the top of the business. Senior leaders are highly engaged and continually reinforce the message that security is the personal responsibility of everyone working with us.

All our employees and any contractors who have access to our systems must complete mandatory annual training on information security and data protection. We track training completion rates weekly and provide a monthly dashboard to the Security and Continuity Steering Committee.

More than 250 training courses are available for people across the business to find out more about keeping information safe across various web, mobile and desktop platforms, applications and software. We provide additional in-depth training for people working in higher-risk roles, such as product and software development.

We continually refresh our training to stay up to date with evolving risks and circumstances. This year, we focused on risks associated with working from home and made sure employees understood how to secure their home network, for example by using filtering software and strong passwords. We adapted our regular awareness campaigns to continue providing employees with frequent updates on important topics, such as email protection and phishing.

Our Global Information Values

Wherever we operate, we are committed to five core Global Information Values:

1. Balance
2. Accuracy
3. Security
4. Integrity
5. Communication

250+ training courses are available for people across the business to find out more about keeping information safe.

Scan me to find out more about Experian's commitment to its Global Information Values.

BAE Systems Annual Report 2021, p12 and p14

What is useful?

BAE Systems explains how digital strategy and security risks and opportunities are considered in the context of the company's broader strategy (including acquisition activity).

We completed two new acquisitions in 2021, both in the UK, firstly a small technology bolt-on which enhances our data and digital capabilities, and secondly In-Space Missions, a company that designs, builds and operates satellites and satellite systems, enabling us to combine BAE Systems' experience in highly secure satellite communications with In-Space Missions' full lifecycle satellite capability. We also announced we had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Bohemia Interactive Simulations, a leading developer of advanced military simulation and training software, headquartered in the US.

Our vision

To be the premier international defence, aerospace and security company

Our mission

To provide a vital advantage to help our customers to protect what really matters

Our strategy

Progress during the year

1. Sustain and grow our defence business
   • Defence sales grew by 3%
   • 2021 orders ahead of expectation
   • Number of major long-term programmes continued to grow
   • Increased self-funded R&D
2. Continue to grow our business in adjacent markets
   • Work continued on key controls and avionics development programmes including 777X
   • BAE Systems' clean propulsion systems continued to expand its product offerings and markets
   • Hydrogen Fuel cell partnerships and EVTOL investments announced
   • Acquisition of In-Space Missions
3. Develop and expand our international business
   • Qatar programme moving into aircraft delivery and support
   • A number of significant export awards for MBDA
   • CV90 awards in several markets
   • Continued to widen reach and relationships in targeted markets especially in Asia-Pacific
4. Inspire and develop a diverse workforce to drive success
   • Progression of employee value proposition to drive recruitment marketing strategy
   • Recruited a record 1,373 apprentices and graduates in the UK
   • Established new gender diversity metrics, embedded our ambitions into process, practices, policies, systems and training
   • Implemented talent management framework across all levels and relaunched leadership and learning programmes online
5. Enhance financial performance and deliver sustainable growth in shareholder value
   • Strong set of financial results delivering order intake, sales, EBIT, EPS and free cash flow growth
   • Dividend increased for 17th year in a row
   • £500m share buyback announced in July 2021 and completed in February 2022
6. Advance and integrate our sustainability agenda
   • UN Race to Zero and 2030 net zero ambitions
   • Record UK apprentice hiring programme and continued investment in STEM and early careers
   • SASB submission and the introduction of disclosures in line with TCFD recommendations
   • Ongoing focus on safety and wellbeing and accredited as real living wage UK employer

Outlook

• Strong order backlog and long-term programme positions
• Defence spending increasing in many of our major markets
• Good opportunity pipeline in all our sectors

• Geopolitical and macro risks still remain

• Our clean propulsion systems technology is well placed as demand for low and zero emission technology grows

• Commercial aerospace recovery is expected in the coming years
• Cyber security and digital technology opportunities with allied governments

• Investment in space capabilities to drive revenue growth in this domain

• Strong bid pipeline in Europe, Asia-Pacific and Middle East supported by increasing defence budgets in many key markets

• Opportunities to develop in new markets driven by threat environment and ability to export from UK, US, Australia and Sweden

• MBDA remains well positioned across Air, Land and Sea

• Build stronger employee experience aligned to organisation culture and sustainability ambitions

• Progress gender diversity goals and develop stronger ethnicity ambitions
• Evolve recruitment transformation programme to focus on critical skills of the future

• Develop workplace climate to build stronger culture of agility and inclusiveness, strengthening our commitment to mental health, safety and wellbeing

• Strong order backlog and established positions on long-term programmes provide a strong platform to deliver mid-term growth

• Focus on improving cash conversion and margin expansion

• Delivery on rolling three-year cash targets enables strategic flexibility to deliver a broad and balanced capital allocation policy and enhanced shareholder returns

• Develop 2030 net zero roadmap and mature TCFD disclosures

• Progress ESG agenda and increase our visibility and impact
• Use external benchmarks to set targets and metrics and drive improvements and ambitions
• Engage employees and key stakeholders to set ESG priorities and drive integrated approach

BAE Systems Annual Report 2021, p138

What is useful?

The report from the Innovation and Technology Committee further highlights the importance of the topics within the company and to external stakeholders.

Innovation and Technology Committee report

Ewan Kirk Chair of the Innovation and Technology Committee

Members

• Ewan Kirk (Chair)
• Nick Anderson
• Dame Carolyn Fairbairn
• Nicole Piasecki

Dear Shareholders

I am delighted to present the first report of the Innovation and Technology Committee. The Committee was established by the Board in July 2021. We held our inaugural meeting in October wherein we discussed the innovation and technology landscape in the Company's principal markets (excluding the US).

In this report, I will give you an overview of the Committee's remit and in the years to come, I will provide updates on Committee activities and an overview of our discussions.

Role of the Committee

The Committee's purpose is to promote the success of the Company through the effective oversight of the application of science, engineering and technology, and the successful exploitation of its intellectual property and know-how in pursuit of its business and commercial goals.

Through closer engagement with senior executives, we will support and enhance the Company's ability to meet its strategic objectives, and assure ourselves that there are in place; an appropriate culture, infrastructure, collaborative practices and activities that stimulate innovation.

We will do so by:

• reviewing the allocation and prioritisation of R&D funding;
• overseeing of Company processes to identify, develop and exploit technology and intellectual property; and
• maintaining strategic oversight and awareness of STEM developments, as applicable to the Company.

To support us in the developing of our understanding of the Group's technology landscape, we will regularly visit global sites, meeting with employees and managers, and discussing central and sectoral opportunities.

Membership

The Committee is comprised of four non-executive director members; Nick Anderson, Dame Carolyn Fairbairn, Nicole Piasecki and myself. More details of membership and attendance at meetings can be found on page 124. The Committee is supported by members of the senior executive team; the Chief Executive, Group Finance Director, Chief Technology Officer and Group General Counsel are all standing attendees.

National security

In recognition of national security considerations, the Committee focuses principally on the UK business. Much of the intellectual property and know-how owned by the Company is subject to national security laws and regulations, as a result, our site visits and discussions of such technologies are undertaken in accordance with the national security requirements of the UK and other nations.

In particular, the Committee is cognisant of and observes the requirements of BAE Systems, Inc.'s Special Security Agreement.

Ewan Kirk Chair of the Innovation and Technology Committee

Governance (Examples)

Helping investors understand	Extract
The links between the governance of digital transformation and security risks to strategy and risk appetite	Schneider Electric; Landsec; UBS
How the board and its committees have oversight of these risks. This may also include who within the company has ownership of specific risks, and the access they have to senior leaders	Flutter Entertainment; Reach; London Stock Exchange Group; RELX; Admiral Group; NatWest Group; Ocado Group
What the company has done to foster a digital security (or cybersecurity) culture	Schneider Electric; Admiral Group
The relevant skills of the board and any assurance obtained	Flutter Entertainment; RELX; NatWest Group; Admiral Group

Schneider Electric Universal Registration Document 2021, p38 and p97

What is useful?

Schneider Electric has taken a holistic approach to cybersecurity and has embedded it into its wider 'trust charter'. The trust charter is used to set expectations around the overall company culture. The company has used a case study and key metrics to help demonstrate how its approach to trust is embedded into the company.

Trust

SSE #13

100% of employees trained every year on Cybersecurity and Ethics

Feedback received from our employees confirm that our trainings efficiently help them to act as "integrity ambassadors". Cybersecurity training: "Very much anchored in real life both professional and personal. Did not see the 30m pass. Way to go!" Principles of Responsibility training: "I love the fact that this course reminds you the basics and makes you use your brain and put yourself in the shoes of colleagues in difficult situations. Love the voice of so many of our colleagues too!" Anticorruption training: "The content is simple and easy to understand. This is a must for any Schneider employee."

Baseline	2021 Progress	2025 target
90%	96%	100%

Trust Charter, Schneider Electric's Code of Conduct

In 2021, Schneider Electric evolved its Principles of Responsibility to the Trust Charter, acting as the Group's Code of Conduct and demonstrating its commitment to ethics, safety, sustainability, quality, and cybersecurity. Schneider Electric believes that trust is a foundational value. It is earned. It serves as a compass, showing the true north in an ever more complex world and Schneider Electric considers it to be core to its environment, sustainability, and governance commitments.

Trust powers all Schneider Electric's interactions with stakeholders and all relationships with customers, shareholders, employees, and the communities they serve, in a meaningful, inclusive and positive way.

2021 highlights

• 96% employees trained on Cybersecurity and Ethics.
• 81% of our employees are confident to report unethical conduct.
• 26% of confirmed cases raised via the Trust Line lead to actions.

Ethisphere Institute - One of the 2021 World's Most Ethical Companies.

Schneider Electric Universal Registration Document 2021, p41

What is useful?

The company further builds on the cyber culture disclosure and demonstrates through its disclosure that it considers cybersecurity risk beyond the company boundary, i.e. suppliers, contractors and communities.

These risk considerations then connect with the company's detailed exploration of risks, mitigations and opportunities.

Schneider 2021 Vigilance risk matrix

• Very high risk
• High risk
• Medium risk
• Low risk

Offer safety and cybersecurity	Offer safety	Cybersecurity and data privacy	Schneider Electric sites	Offices	Travelers, sales forces	Factories low voltage and electronics	Factories medium voltage	Project centers	Field services	Suppliers	Travels and hospitality	Transportation and shipping	Raw materials	Metal transformation and treatment	Plastics	Batteries	Other components	Contractors	On Schneider Electric sites	Off site and projects execution	Communities	Around Schneider Electric sites	Around customers project sites
Offer safety and cybersecurity
Offer safety	●		●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
Cybersecurity and data privacy		●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●

Company insight: Schneider Electric SE

During a discussion with Schneider Electric to understand more about their approach to ‘cybersecurity disclosure’ they identified some key considerations:

1. The more disclosure, the better – rather than focus on just what is required, report the maximum allowable by the company's policies
2. Be proactive, not reactive – integrate cyber, digital and data risks into the broader enterprise risk management framework and try to anticipate regulations before they are implemented – this allows systems, processes and reporting to be ahead of the game
3. Own the narrative – this can only be achieved if you report and make information visible to your community. If not reported directly by the company, information may be obtained through other channels, potentially resulting in an alternative narrative being presented to the market and other stakeholders
4. Consider the company's importance and role in the value chain especially for critical infrastructure – report information that allows others to fully understand the company and its cybersecurity posture

Schneider Electric Universal Registration Document 2021, p83 and p84

What is useful?

These risk considerations then connect with the company's detailed exploration of risks, mitigations and opportunities.

Cybersecurity and data privacy

| Risk description and impact | Policies | Main actions and 2021 performance | Opportunity created | 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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction

Digital security is fundamental to business continuity, resilience and value creation. Reporting on these areas should provide relevant information to investors and other stakeholders to assist them in assessing a company's ability to remain viable and resilient.

Context

As part of the project, the Lab reviewed current disclosure practices (up to May 2022) to identify examples of better practice.

This example bank supplements the full project report which provides insight into investors needs, challenges for companies and some suggestions for disclosures which align to investor needs.

Disclosure, materiality and the risk of ‘over-disclosure’

As part of the project we engaged widely with various stakeholders. Participants noted that, on average, current disclosures are not sufficient to meet investor and other stakeholder needs. While there were concerns expressed from some that additional digital security-related disclosure in itself could create risks for companies, there was an equal number who highlighted the opposite, noting in their view, that a lack of disclosure or overly static 'boilerplate' disclosure was in itself a flag that a company was not sufficiently emphasising digital security.

The examples in this bank link to key aspects of disclosure identified as useful in the project. When determining which disclosures to provide, consideration should be taken of materiality for the company, potential sensitivity of the information and whether they provide sufficient information to users.

These examples are based on our review of market practice up to May 2022. As reporting and disclosure practice in this area develops we may consider updating these examples.

This example bank is designed to be read alongside the main report but can be used separately as a guide relating to current better practice disclosure.

The key findings from the project have been included in the following pages to provide further context for this example bank.

Strategy

Investors want (where relevant) disclosures that:

• provide the context for digital security and strategy and its importance to the company's broader strategy and business model and ability to generate value;
• indicate how external trends associated with digital security and strategy are integrated into the company's approach; and
• link digital security and strategy disclosure to the company's broader strategy.

Audit committees should consider whether the disclosures:

• make sense in the context of the company's broader strategy;
• clearly communicate the company's digital transformation and data strategy; and
• explain how digital transformation and its related risks can advance or hinder the attainment of future strategic objectives.

Reporting and risk disclosure teams should consider:

Core disclosures that:

• set out how the business model and strategy impact, and are impacted by, digital and data;
• set out the company's (planned) approach to respond to internal and external digital factors; and
• indicate how developed the company's data and digital transformation strategy is and whether there are any associated KPIs.

Enhanced disclosures that:

• set out how technology and digital support the future business model and the actions and investments the company has made;
• provide specific details of digital transformation trends; and
• provide a consistent narrative throughout the report (or are included in a report from the Chief Technology Officer (CTO)) with clear links to other strategic areas and related decisions.

Governance

Investors want (where relevant) disclosures that:

• detail the governance structures, culture and processes the company has in place to support digital security and strategy;
• link the governance of digital transformation and security risks to strategy and risk appetite;
• show how the board, and its committees, have oversight of these risks. This may also include who within the company has ownership of specific risks, and the access they have to senior leaders;
• explain what a company has done to foster a digital security (or cybersecurity) culture; and
• outline the relevant skills of the board and any assurance obtained.

Audit committees should consider whether the disclosures clearly communicate:

• who the risk owners or responsible officers are and how they contribute to 'senior-level' discussions;
• what steps (including recruitment and training) are being taken to determine whether the appropriate skills exist within the board and company (and whether these steps are fit for purpose); and
• what role internal audit and the audit committee play in relation to digital security and strategy risks.

Reporting and risk disclosure teams should consider:

Core disclosures that:

• cross refer to strategic drivers or business model within the audit and risk committee section;
• explain board and committee structure and the make-up of a digital committee if in place; and
• reference surveys, cyber-related training and other activities conducted during the period.

Enhanced disclosures that:

• provide CTO (or equivalent) reports on opportunities and threats;
• set out issues that the board and committees have considered, name owners of specific risks and detail how these tie to specific oversight committees and the role of the CTO (or equivalent); and
• detail development of a cyber and digital culture within the organisation, including monitoring and targets.

Risks

Investors want (where relevant) disclosures that:

• link the digital security and strategy risks to strategic objectives and risk appetite;
• consider the actions and activities taken to mitigate risk and how risks have evolved;
• provide information about the risk and mitigations at the right level of granularity; and
• connect digital security and strategy with disclosures on viability and resilience.

Audit committees should consider whether the disclosures clearly communicate:

• whether a rigorous risk identification process has been undertaken;
• what the company considers to be the optimal level of risk;
• how the company's digital security strategy is communicated throughout the organisation and supply chain and how this is reviewed/monitored;
• that the company/board understand the threat landscape, company vulnerabilities, risk appetite, mitigating actions and effectiveness; and
• the extent to which there is reliance on third parties.

Reporting and risk disclosure teams should consider:

Core disclosures that:

• cross refer to strategic objectives and risk appetite and indicate the owner of each risk;
• provide detail of frameworks, mitigations and actions;
• set out the elements that are reflective across the group or highlight specific areas of the business that are impacted; and
• set out the impacts of digital transformation and data within the prospects assessment, assumptions and in the context of stress testing.

Enhanced disclosures that:

• provide more detail on the oversight process, identify associated opportunities and provide clear and specific links to viability and resilience scenarios;
• provide risk actions and mitigations at a granular level relevant to the business (e.g. product, segment, operation or geography) or consider the wider value chain (customers, suppliers etc.); and
• provide more detail of 'cyber scenarios' (e.g. length of disruption, cost, division, regulatory response) considered and/or of connected scenarios.

Events

Investors want (where relevant) disclosures that:

• highlight the impacts of events (internal and external) and the actions and activities that respond to these.

Specifically where the company has been the subject of a cyber incident, provide information about:

• the incident and its immediate impacts;
• mitigating actions taken and their objective and effectiveness;
• the work of the board to facilitate recovery from the incident;
• the quantified financial impact of the incident; and
• any improvements and amendments made, or to be made, in response to the incident.

Audit committees should consider whether the disclosures clearly communicate:

• whether the incident response plans had functioned adequately;
• whether incident escalation channels had been adequately established and functioned effectively to inform key decision makers about the incident in a timely manner;
• whether the incident (or type of incident) had been anticipated in some form (or had the event not been foreseen at all); and
• how accurately cyber-related risks had been considered in the company's various scenario analyses.

Reporting and risk disclosure teams should consider:

Core disclosures that:

• provide information about the nature of the incident and its immediate impacts (subject to interaction with other reporting and regulatory requirements); and
• explain the shorter term mitigations and actions taken to restore operations and reduce customer impacts.

Enhanced disclosures that:

• provide detail of response to the issue by internal audit, the board and its committees in understanding the issue, managing the incident, assessing the effectiveness of remediation work conducted and learning lessons for the future.
• quantify the estimated financial impact (if material) of the incident and impacts on future capital expenditures.
• explain how learnings and changes have fed through to the net and gross risk and longer-term viability and resilience.

Strategy (Examples)

Helping investors understand	Extract
The context for digital security and strategy and its importance to a company's broader strategy, business model and ability to generate value	IAG: Experian
How external trends associated with digital security and strategy are integrated into the company's approach	IAG: Experian
How digital security and strategy disclosure links to the company's broader strategy	BAE Systems

IAG Annual Report 2021, p62

What is useful?

IAG has included a report from the Chief Information Officer which clearly explains the current and future digital and technology-based strategy in the context of the company's markets and stakeholders.

Reporting 'directly from the CIO' further illustrates the company's commitment to technology and digitisation in achieving its strategic objectives.

Driving towards technology excellence

John Gibbs Chief Information Officer

"In 2021, we completed the work on our new IT/ Digital operating model and are focused on driving continuous improvements to our ways of working, including creating an environment where our technology professionals can thrive."

Overview

Our new IAG Tech operating model is now live, with improvements to the products and services we offer the business; increased efficiency and effectiveness of our value streams and processes; adoption of modern methods and tools; a leaner organisation structure; clearer roles and accountabilities, and improved governance with enhanced reporting. This has resulted in new capabilities being delivered faster and more regularly due to the adoption of agile methodologies. We also saw reductions in the number of incidents affecting our customers and a decrease in the time to restore services. Progress was hampered though, by our need to support the business in responding to COVID-19, for example reducing investments to preserve cash. However, we have maintained our focus on increasing the maturity of our cyber security capabilities, including strengthening our Security Operations Centre and the start of a new Group-wide identity and access management solution.

Our people

We have launched a new IAG Tech website as part of our strategy to create a thriving technology community that attracts and retains the very best talent. We now have over 1,500 active members of our guilds sharing best practice and knowledge, supported by a learning academy that is developing our future digital leaders. We also welcomed our second intake of graduates and apprentices.

Our Digital Factory is rapidly deploying Robotic Process Automation and Low Code Solutions to automate processes and help our employees, for example, chatbots that can answer questions on our Ground Operations Manual. This automation is being accelerated through a Digital Champions network that identifies the opportunities and seeks to exploit this technology.

We continue to modernise our internal systems, for example, the upgrade of our call centre technology for British Airways in UK and Hong Kong. We are improving decision-making through use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, data analytics and dashboards including the deployment of a digital boardroom for our IAG GBS management team.

Our customers

We introduced a wide variety of solutions to assist with travel in a COVID-19 world including automating the validation of customers' travel documentation, pre-ordering of onboard food and drink, and biometric boarding.

Our omni-channel strategy saw the introduction of voice recognition, chatbots and WhatsApp used by our Iberia customers. In parallel, enhancements have been made to all .com platforms including dynamic pricing capability for fares and ancillaries. We increased self-service capabilities such as introducing disruption management onto airport kiosks. We also introduced new distribution channels for our travel agent partners.

We have supported partnership launches and the delivery of the Global Loyalty Platform for Aer Lingus, Iberia and Vueling, providing a more customised and better experience for our customers.

We migrated Vueling onto our Salesforce platform which enabled us to deploy chatbots to handle routine tasks and answer many of our customer's questions. This resulted in a 60 per cent reduction in back office workload and improved customer satisfaction to over 90 per cent.

Our planet

Our fifth Hangar 51 innovation accelerator platform explored how new technologies can help us meet our sustainability commitments, and improve operational efficiency, performance, safety, and customer experience.

Many of our technology investments also contribute to our sustainability plan. This included investments in network, aircraft and operational planning systems to reduce the environmental footprint of our flights; the introduction of pre-ordering of food and drink onboard that has reduced waste; and the launch of three data centre migration programmes that will move all of our systems onto new infrastructure hosted in the cloud, providing enhanced resilience, performance and an 80 per cent lower CO2 footprint for our technology.

Looking forward

We have three main priorities in 2022, in our pursuit of Technology Excellence. We will accelerate the delivery of the new technology capabilities required to support the Group's transformation, including making significant progress on our data centre migration and replacing obsolescence. We will continue to embed and improve the IAG Tech operating model. We will continue to develop a culture where we value the diversity across our technology professionals, ensure that everyone feels included and is treated equally, and that we have a thriving and supportive community with a strong sense of belonging.

Experian Annual Report 2021, p19

What is useful?

Experian details how data, digital and cyber trends are developing and feeding directly into the strategy, risks and opportunities for the business over the short, medium and long-term.

This disclosure sets the tone for the rest of the report. The company then includes detailed disclosure on the processes, approaches and actions it is taking in these areas (see next page).

Proliferation of data

Trend

As the world moves increasingly online, the amount of data available is growing at an extraordinary pace. Of all current data, 90% has been created in the last two years, and 127 new devices connect to the internet every second. As well as the increased amount available, it is becoming cheaper for businesses to store, manage and analyse data. However, these businesses need to understand the many data sources available to them in order to improve decision-making.

New data sources, made available through open banking in the UK and USA, and positive data in Brazil, are giving organisations access to rich, up-to-date information. However, to optimise opportunities in these challenging times, businesses need to embrace advanced analytics tools, capable of connecting disparate datasets and making the information more usable.

Our response

We develop solutions to offer sophisticated platforms to help clients take advantage of data proliferation. For example, Ascend Intelligence Services uses AI and machine learning to support continuous improvement of strategic models for clients. This frees up data-scientist time from model building and monitoring activities, it means data can be integrated into models faster, and produces an endpoint that can be utilised by PowerCurve and Experian One. It can offer real-time market insights, benchmarking and health monitoring.

We are evolving our analytics portfolio in response to client demand for a shift towards cloud-based products. We are investing in a roadmap of innovation to evolve from a largely on-premise software business towards a cloud-first, digital-first, API-enabled and scalable platform business. This transformation is well underway and began with our investments to unify and standardise our product suites, easing the process of scaling these globally.

For example, PowerCurve migration to the cloud provides an adaptable platform that enables decisions to be designed to client needs and combines rich data and advanced analytics to drive decisions at scale. The modular design offers agility, and our continual augmentation of machine learning into the platform can bring greater connectivity to the businesses we serve, with frictionless experiences for their consumers.

Advances in automation and technology

Trend

Businesses in all industries are looking to AI and machine learning to automate processes in order to operate more efficiently, and secure productivity gains. New technologies are revolutionising industries, and businesses are investing to remain competitive, with over 95% of Fortune 1000 organisations stating they are investing in big data and AI.

Automation can personalise customer experiences, make online transactions simpler, automate logistics and optimise business decisions, allowing companies to generate significant efficiencies and redeploy their staff to do jobs which require a higher level of human input.

Our response

We are transforming our technology stack to a modern, resilient, scalable and secure cloud-based architecture to accelerate product delivery to clients. Investment in the best technology is critical to the way we ingest, store and secure data, as well as to the way we develop and deliver our products. It is one of the critical factors in how we can maintain and extend competitive advantage. Technology enables us to link Experian and third-party data assets to create innovative products.

In addition, we use technology to enhance our own processes, which has improved productivity. It has allowed us to reduce our conventional cost base and release funds for investment in new opportunities, such as further innovation. For example, we continue to invest in our RPA (Robotic Process Automation) capability and have automated 377 of our key processes, equating to more than 350 years of manual activity time saved since project inception.

95% of Fortune 1000 organisations state they are investing in big data and AI

A changing regulatory environment

Trend

Regulators are becoming increasingly more active in protecting consumer data and privacy rights, and there are now significant financial and reputational consequences for non-compliance. Cybercrime is also increasing, and there is much greater scrutiny of data protection.

As data custodians, businesses have a responsibility to safeguard consumer privacy. We believe we can help our clients and consumers meet their responsibilities in this more demanding environment.

Regulators are opening up banking and other data-rich industries, encouraging consumers to ensure they get the best possible deal.

Our response

We work with regulators to ensure we comply fully with all new regulations, and engage in public debate to ensure policy-makers take into account our views and those of our industry. We develop new services to help our clients remain compliant with regulations that affect them.

Protecting consumer privacy and information security is extremely important to us. We have programmes that evaluate every product and service to ensure we strike the right balance between consumers' privacy expectations and the economic benefit to both consumers and clients. Furthermore, we are channelling investment into our multi-layered and extensive information security programme to manage and protect against cyber security risks, by continually upgrading our security infrastructure in an ever-changing environment.

Accurate data is fundamental to our reputation and business success. We constantly strive to increase the accuracy of our data in a competitive market, to ensure customers can have confidence in the services we provide.

Experian Annual Report 2021, p43 and p44

What is useful?

Experian details how data, digital and cyber trends are developing and feeding directly into the strategy, risks and opportunities for the business over the short, medium and long-term.

Treating data with respect

Accuracy

Data is the lifeblood of our business. So ensuring we collect, store and manage data safely and appropriately is fundamental to our ongoing success. It's important our clients and customers know we take our responsibilities very seriously when it comes to managing data securely, ensuring privacy measures are managed effectively, the data we hold is accurate and we are open and transparent about the data we hold and the way it is processed.

Security

Safeguarding data We hold vast amounts of data on people and businesses. The loss or inappropriate use of data and systems could result in material loss of business, substantial legal liability, regulatory enforcement actions and significant harm to our reputation.

Our approach We continually enhance our security infrastructure, practices and culture across the business through our SecurityFirst programme. We invest heavily in cyber security and have specialist teams, state-of-the-art technology and rigorous due diligence procedures to deal with potential threats.

Our security approach has three tiers: applying tools and processes to prevent threats from entering our environment; detecting if a threat enters our environment; and mitigating any threats by minimising the potential for information to be extracted from our environment.

Protecting our perimeter

We have a defence-in-depth approach to protecting our critical data assets, which provides multiple layers of control and protection.

• Perimeter scanning Scanning the perimeter for open access and scanning applications for regulatory compliance
• Firewall Blocks unauthorised access while permitting outward communication
• Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) Examines network traffic flows to detect and prevent vulnerability exploitation
• Web Application Firewall (WAF) Filters, monitors, and blocks HTTP traffic to and from web applications
• Realtime Application Self Protection (RASP) Detects and blocks computer attacks by taking advantage of information from inside the running software

Server protection Antivirus, host security, continuous reporting

Privacy

Our approach We have controls in place to check for compliance and constantly scan for potential threats, with several layers of protection for our data assets (see diagram below). Our perimeter deflects tens of thousands of attempts every day.

Our Global Security Operations Centre works around the clock to identify suspicious or malicious activity, with teams in Malaysia, the UK and the USA, as well as automated tools and AI. If they identify a threat, our incident response team steps in to eliminate it with support from in-house forensic data specialists and external experts if required.

We gather intelligence to help our security teams stay ahead of evolving cyber threats. This year, we expanded our interaction with law enforcement authorities and others in our industry to help give each other early warnings of high-potential cyber security threats. We also share our knowledge to help other businesses and consumers keep their data safe. Our annual Data Breach Industry Forecast for 2021 highlighted areas that have become increasingly vulnerable to cyber attack in the COVID-19 era. Predicted threats include vaccination misinformation and disruption, hackers holding home devices for ransom, and exploitation of 'track and trace' apps to gain access to personal user information.

This year, COVID-19 led to almost our entire workforce moving to homeworking and we took steps to provide employees with secure remote connections to our systems. Most data breaches involve some human interaction, often something as simple as clicking a link in an email. Our email and web browsing controls protect against this kind of malware, and our security training also encourages people to think carefully about what they are clicking on.

Our Development, Security and Operations (DevSecOps) teams work together to build security considerations into our products throughout their lifecycle, from start to finish. We use a range of processes, including manual penetration testing, to discover, detect and remediate any potential security risks at every stage of product development - from concept to coding, build, quality assurance and production.

We conduct regular risk assessments and vulnerability checks, and our operations are subject to external cyber security audits every year. Simulated exercises and a global data breach plan prepare our cyber security teams and senior leaders to respond rapidly in the event of a breach.

Security governance

The Chief Information Security Officer has overall responsibility for Experian's global security strategy and the Global Security Office (GSO) sets relevant policies and standards. The Security and Continuity Steering Committee which includes the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Information Officer - oversees our approach to keeping data secure and protecting consumer information. It reviews key metrics on security tools, compliance and training completion rates every month. The Audit Committee also receives progress reports at each of its meetings.

We have a comprehensive Global Security Policy and controls based on the internationally recognised ISO 27001 standard. Our robust information security programme builds on industry-recognised procedures, including the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) framework. We seek and receive third-party assurance through ISO 27001 certifications of key business areas and systems, as well as other recognised external accreditations of our security programmes. For example, we hold a Cyber Essentials Certification and perform risk assessments against our critical and external-facing applications annually.

Security, Audit and Risk teams work together to continually improve our assurance capabilities and test the effectiveness of our controls. Our Three Lines of Defence model for risk management (see page 73) includes review by Global Internal Audit and oversight from the Board. Any potential policy breaches are thoroughly investigated and we take disciplinary action where appropriate.

The GSO conducts due diligence to identify any potential risks before an acquisition, followed by an in-depth post-acquisition security assessment that is reviewed by Global Internal Audit.

When it is necessary to provide third parties with access to our data and systems, the GSO ensures we provide access in line with our information security requirements. We extend stringent standards on information security to our suppliers and partners through the terms of our contracts. All third parties are risk assessed. Of our nearly 13,000 active third parties, 1,674 have been identified as significant or high risk and all of these have undergone more in-depth assurance by the GSO.

Security requirements are tiered based on this risk assessment, and can include increased controls for higher-risk third parties. We monitor compliance through our third-party risk management framework and third parties identified as significant or high risk are added to the GSO's continuous monitoring programme which alerts us to any material changes to trigger follow-up action if needed.

Our information security culture

At Experian, information security is everyone's responsibility. We set out clear requirements for employees and business units in our Security Risk Management and Governance Policy. We invest significant time and resources in training and awareness on information security through our SecurityFirst programme.

Our strong information security culture starts from the top of the business. Senior leaders are highly engaged and continually reinforce the message that security is the personal responsibility of everyone working with us.

All our employees and any contractors who have access to our systems must complete mandatory annual training on information security and data protection. We track training completion rates weekly and provide a monthly dashboard to the Security and Continuity Steering Committee.

More than 250 training courses are available for people across the business to find out more about keeping information safe across various web, mobile and desktop platforms, applications and software. We provide additional in-depth training for people working in higher-risk roles, such as product and software development.

We continually refresh our training to stay up to date with evolving risks and circumstances. This year, we focused on risks associated with working from home and made sure employees understood how to secure their home network, for example by using filtering software and strong passwords. We adapted our regular awareness campaigns to continue providing employees with frequent updates on important topics, such as email protection and phishing.

Our Global Information Values

Wherever we operate, we are committed to five core Global Information Values:

1. Balance
2. Accuracy
3. Security
4. Integrity
5. Communication

250+ training courses are available for people across the business to find out more about keeping information safe.

Scan me to find out more about Experian's commitment to its Global Information Values.

BAE Systems Annual Report 2021, p12 and p14

What is useful?

BAE Systems explains how digital strategy and security risks and opportunities are considered in the context of the company's broader strategy (including acquisition activity).

We completed two new acquisitions in 2021, both in the UK, firstly a small technology bolt-on which enhances our data and digital capabilities, and secondly In-Space Missions, a company that designs, builds and operates satellites and satellite systems, enabling us to combine BAE Systems' experience in highly secure satellite communications with In-Space Missions' full lifecycle satellite capability. We also announced we had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Bohemia Interactive Simulations, a leading developer of advanced military simulation and training software, headquartered in the US.

Our vision

To be the premier international defence, aerospace and security company

Our mission

To provide a vital advantage to help our customers to protect what really matters

Our strategy

Progress during the year

1. Sustain and grow our defence business
   • Defence sales grew by 3%
   • 2021 orders ahead of expectation
   • Number of major long-term programmes continued to grow
   • Increased self-funded R&D
2. Continue to grow our business in adjacent markets
   • Work continued on key controls and avionics development programmes including 777X
   • BAE Systems' clean propulsion systems continued to expand its product offerings and markets
   • Hydrogen Fuel cell partnerships and EVTOL investments announced
   • Acquisition of In-Space Missions
3. Develop and expand our international business
   • Qatar programme moving into aircraft delivery and support
   • A number of significant export awards for MBDA
   • CV90 awards in several markets
   • Continued to widen reach and relationships in targeted markets especially in Asia-Pacific
4. Inspire and develop a diverse workforce to drive success
   • Progression of employee value proposition to drive recruitment marketing strategy
   • Recruited a record 1,373 apprentices and graduates in the UK
   • Established new gender diversity metrics, embedded our ambitions into process, practices, policies, systems and training
   • Implemented talent management framework across all levels and relaunched leadership and learning programmes online
5. Enhance financial performance and deliver sustainable growth in shareholder value
   • Strong set of financial results delivering order intake, sales, EBIT, EPS and free cash flow growth
   • Dividend increased for 17th year in a row
   • £500m share buyback announced in July 2021 and completed in February 2022
6. Advance and integrate our sustainability agenda
   • UN Race to Zero and 2030 net zero ambitions
   • Record UK apprentice hiring programme and continued investment in STEM and early careers
   • SASB submission and the introduction of disclosures in line with TCFD recommendations
   • Ongoing focus on safety and wellbeing and accredited as real living wage UK employer

Outlook

• Strong order backlog and long-term programme positions
• Defence spending increasing in many of our major markets
• Good opportunity pipeline in all our sectors

• Geopolitical and macro risks still remain

• Our clean propulsion systems technology is well placed as demand for low and zero emission technology grows

• Commercial aerospace recovery is expected in the coming years
• Cyber security and digital technology opportunities with allied governments

• Investment in space capabilities to drive revenue growth in this domain

• Strong bid pipeline in Europe, Asia-Pacific and Middle East supported by increasing defence budgets in many key markets

• Opportunities to develop in new markets driven by threat environment and ability to export from UK, US, Australia and Sweden

• MBDA remains well positioned across Air, Land and Sea

• Build stronger employee experience aligned to organisation culture and sustainability ambitions

• Progress gender diversity goals and develop stronger ethnicity ambitions
• Evolve recruitment transformation programme to focus on critical skills of the future

• Develop workplace climate to build stronger culture of agility and inclusiveness, strengthening our commitment to mental health, safety and wellbeing

• Strong order backlog and established positions on long-term programmes provide a strong platform to deliver mid-term growth

• Focus on improving cash conversion and margin expansion

• Delivery on rolling three-year cash targets enables strategic flexibility to deliver a broad and balanced capital allocation policy and enhanced shareholder returns

• Develop 2030 net zero roadmap and mature TCFD disclosures

• Progress ESG agenda and increase our visibility and impact
• Use external benchmarks to set targets and metrics and drive improvements and ambitions
• Engage employees and key stakeholders to set ESG priorities and drive integrated approach

BAE Systems Annual Report 2021, p138

What is useful?

The report from the Innovation and Technology Committee further highlights the importance of the topics within the company and to external stakeholders.

Innovation and Technology Committee report

Ewan Kirk Chair of the Innovation and Technology Committee

Members

• Ewan Kirk (Chair)
• Nick Anderson
• Dame Carolyn Fairbairn
• Nicole Piasecki

Dear Shareholders

I am delighted to present the first report of the Innovation and Technology Committee. The Committee was established by the Board in July 2021. We held our inaugural meeting in October wherein we discussed the innovation and technology landscape in the Company's principal markets (excluding the US).

In this report, I will give you an overview of the Committee's remit and in the years to come, I will provide updates on Committee activities and an overview of our discussions.

Role of the Committee

The Committee's purpose is to promote the success of the Company through the effective oversight of the application of science, engineering and technology, and the successful exploitation of its intellectual property and know-how in pursuit of its business and commercial goals.

Through closer engagement with senior executives, we will support and enhance the Company's ability to meet its strategic objectives, and assure ourselves that there are in place; an appropriate culture, infrastructure, collaborative practices and activities that stimulate innovation.

We will do so by:

• reviewing the allocation and prioritisation of R&D funding;
• overseeing of Company processes to identify, develop and exploit technology and intellectual property; and
• maintaining strategic oversight and awareness of STEM developments, as applicable to the Company.

To support us in the developing of our understanding of the Group's technology landscape, we will regularly visit global sites, meeting with employees and managers, and discussing central and sectoral opportunities.

Membership

The Committee is comprised of four non-executive director members; Nick Anderson, Dame Carolyn Fairbairn, Nicole Piasecki and myself. More details of membership and attendance at meetings can be found on page 124. The Committee is supported by members of the senior executive team; the Chief Executive, Group Finance Director, Chief Technology Officer and Group General Counsel are all standing attendees.

National security

In recognition of national security considerations, the Committee focuses principally on the UK business. Much of the intellectual property and know-how owned by the Company is subject to national security laws and regulations, as a result, our site visits and discussions of such technologies are undertaken in accordance with the national security requirements of the UK and other nations.

In particular, the Committee is cognisant of and observes the requirements of BAE Systems, Inc.'s Special Security Agreement.

Ewan Kirk Chair of the Innovation and Technology Committee

Governance (Examples)

Helping investors understand	Extract
The links between the governance of digital transformation and security risks to strategy and risk appetite	Schneider Electric; Landsec; UBS
How the board and its committees have oversight of these risks. This may also include who within the company has ownership of specific risks, and the access they have to senior leaders	Flutter Entertainment; Reach; London Stock Exchange Group; RELX; Admiral Group; NatWest Group; Ocado Group
What the company has done to foster a digital security (or cybersecurity) culture	Schneider Electric; Admiral Group
The relevant skills of the board and any assurance obtained	Flutter Entertainment; RELX; NatWest Group; Admiral Group

Schneider Electric Universal Registration Document 2021, p38 and p97

What is useful?

Schneider Electric has taken a holistic approach to cybersecurity and has embedded it into its wider 'trust charter'. The trust charter is used to set expectations around the overall company culture. The company has used a case study and key metrics to help demonstrate how its approach to trust is embedded into the company.

Trust

SSE #13

100% of employees trained every year on Cybersecurity and Ethics

Feedback received from our employees confirm that our trainings efficiently help them to act as "integrity ambassadors". Cybersecurity training: "Very much anchored in real life both professional and personal. Did not see the 30m pass. Way to go!" Principles of Responsibility training: "I love the fact that this course reminds you the basics and makes you use your brain and put yourself in the shoes of colleagues in difficult situations. Love the voice of so many of our colleagues too!" Anticorruption training: "The content is simple and easy to understand. This is a must for any Schneider employee."

Baseline	2021 Progress	2025 target
90%	96%	100%

Trust Charter, Schneider Electric's Code of Conduct

In 2021, Schneider Electric evolved its Principles of Responsibility to the Trust Charter, acting as the Group's Code of Conduct and demonstrating its commitment to ethics, safety, sustainability, quality, and cybersecurity. Schneider Electric believes that trust is a foundational value. It is earned. It serves as a compass, showing the true north in an ever more complex world and Schneider Electric considers it to be core to its environment, sustainability, and governance commitments.

Trust powers all Schneider Electric's interactions with stakeholders and all relationships with customers, shareholders, employees, and the communities they serve, in a meaningful, inclusive and positive way.

2021 highlights

• 96% employees trained on Cybersecurity and Ethics.
• 81% of our employees are confident to report unethical conduct.
• 26% of confirmed cases raised via the Trust Line lead to actions.

Ethisphere Institute - One of the 2021 World's Most Ethical Companies.

Schneider Electric Universal Registration Document 2021, p41

What is useful?

The company further builds on the cyber culture disclosure and demonstrates through its disclosure that it considers cybersecurity risk beyond the company boundary, i.e. suppliers, contractors and communities.

These risk considerations then connect with the company's detailed exploration of risks, mitigations and opportunities.

Schneider 2021 Vigilance risk matrix

• Very high risk
• High risk
• Medium risk
• Low risk

Offer safety and cybersecurity	Offer safety	Cybersecurity and data privacy	Schneider Electric sites	Offices	Travelers, sales forces	Factories low voltage and electronics	Factories medium voltage	Project centers	Field services	Suppliers	Travels and hospitality	Transportation and shipping	Raw materials	Metal transformation and treatment	Plastics	Batteries	Other components	Contractors	On Schneider Electric sites	Off site and projects execution	Communities	Around Schneider Electric sites	Around customers project sites
Offer safety and cybersecurity
Offer safety	●		●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
Cybersecurity and data privacy		●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●

Company insight: Schneider Electric SE

During a discussion with Schneider Electric to understand more about their approach to ‘cybersecurity disclosure’ they identified some key considerations:

1. The more disclosure, the better – rather than focus on just what is required, report the maximum allowable by the company's policies
2. Be proactive, not reactive – integrate cyber, digital and data risks into the broader enterprise risk management framework and try to anticipate regulations before they are implemented – this allows systems, processes and reporting to be ahead of the game
3. Own the narrative – this can only be achieved if you report and make information visible to your community. If not reported directly by the company, information may be obtained through other channels, potentially resulting in an alternative narrative being presented to the market and other stakeholders
4. Consider the company's importance and role in the value chain especially for critical infrastructure – report information that allows others to fully understand the company and its cybersecurity posture

Schneider Electric Universal Registration Document 2021, p83 and p84

What is useful?

These risk considerations then connect with the company's detailed exploration of risks, mitigations and opportunities.

Cybersecurity and data privacy

| Risk description and impact | Policies | Main actions and 2021 performance | Opportunity created | 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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IAG Annual Report 2021, p62

What is useful? IAG has included a report from the Chief Information Officer which clearly explains the current and future digital and technology-based strategy in the context of the company’s markets and stakeholders.

Reporting ‘directly from the CIO’ further illustrates the company’s commitment to technology and digitisation in achieving its strategic objectives.

Driving towards technology excellence

John Gibbs Chief Information Officer

“In 2021, we completed the work on our new IT/Digital operating model and are focused on driving continuous improvements to our ways of working, including creating an environment where our technology professionals can thrive.”

Overview

Our new IAG Tech operating model is now live, with improvements to the products and services we offer the business; increased efficiency and effectiveness of our value streams and processes; adoption of modern methods and tools; a leaner organisation structure; clearer roles and accountabilities, and improved governance with enhanced reporting. This has resulted in new capabilities being delivered faster and more regularly due to the adoption of agile methodologies. We also saw reductions in the number of incidents affecting our customers and a decrease in the time to restore services. Progress was hampered though, by our need to support the business in responding to COVID-19, for example reducing investments to preserve cash. However, we have maintained our focus on increasing the maturity of our cyber security capabilities, including strengthening our Security Operations Centre and the start of a new Group-wide identity and access management solution.

Our people

We have launched a new IAG Tech website as part of our strategy to create a thriving technology community that attracts and retains the very best talent. We now have over 1,500 active members of our guilds sharing best practice and knowledge, supported by a learning academy that is developing our future digital leaders. We also welcomed our second intake of graduates and apprentices.

Our Digital Factory is rapidly deploying Robotic Process Automation and Low Code Solutions to automate processes and help our employees, for example, chatbots that can answer questions on our Ground Operations Manual. This automation is being accelerated through a Digital Champions network that identifies the opportunities and seeks to exploit this technology.

We continue to modernise our internal systems, for example, the upgrade of our call centre technology for British Airways in UK and Hong Kong. We are improving decision-making through use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, data analytics and dashboards including the deployment of a digital boardroom for our IAG GBS management team.

Our customers

We introduced a wide variety of solutions to assist with travel in a COVID-19 world including automating the validation of customers’ travel documentation, pre-ordering of onboard food and drink, and biometric boarding.

Our omni-channel strategy saw the introduction of voice recognition, chatbots and WhatsApp used by our Iberia customers. In parallel, enhancements have been made to all .com platforms including dynamic pricing capability for fares and ancillaries. We increased self-service capabilities such as introducing disruption management onto airport kiosks. We also introduced new distribution channels for our travel agent partners.

We have supported partnership launches and the delivery of the Global Loyalty Platform for Aer Lingus, Iberia and Vueling, providing a more customised and better experience for our customers.

We migrated Vueling onto our Salesforce platform which enabled us to deploy chatbots to handle routine tasks and answer many of our customer’s questions. This resulted in a 60 per cent reduction in back office workload and improved customer satisfaction to over 90 per cent.

Our planet

Our fifth Hangar 51 innovation accelerator platform explored how new technologies can help us meet our sustainability commitments, and improve operational efficiency, performance, safety, and customer experience.

Many of our technology investments also contribute to our sustainability plan. This included investments in network, aircraft and operational planning systems to reduce the environmental footprint of our flights; the introduction of pre-ordering of food and drink onboard that has reduced waste; and the launch of three data centre migration programmes that will move all of our systems onto new infrastructure hosted in the cloud, providing enhanced resilience, performance and an 80 per cent lower CO2 footprint for our technology.

Looking forward

We have three main priorities in 2022, in our pursuit of Technology Excellence. We will accelerate the delivery of the new technology capabilities required to support the Group’s transformation, including making significant progress on our data centre migration and replacing obsolescence. We will continue to embed and improve the IAG Tech operating model. We will continue to develop a culture where we value the diversity across our technology professionals, ensure that everyone feels included and is treated equally, and that we have a thriving and supportive community with a strong sense of belonging.

Experian Annual Report 2021, p19

What is useful? Experian details how data, digital and cyber trends are developing and feeding directly into the strategy, risks and opportunities for the business over the short, medium and long-term.

This disclosure sets the tone for the rest of the report. The company then includes detailed disclosure on the processes, approaches and actions it is taking in these areas (see next page).

Proliferation of data

Trend

As the world moves increasingly online, the amount of data available is growing at an extraordinary pace. Of all current data, 90% has been created in the last two years, and 127 new devices connect to the internet every second. As well as the increased amount available, it is becoming cheaper for businesses to store, manage and analyse data. However, these businesses need to understand the many data sources available to them in order to improve decision-making.

New data sources, made available through open banking in the UK and USA, and positive data in Brazil, are giving organisations access to rich, up-to-date information. However, to optimise opportunities in these challenging times, businesses need to embrace advanced analytics tools, capable of connecting disparate datasets and making the information more usable.

Our response

We develop solutions to offer sophisticated platforms to help clients take advantage of data proliferation. For example, Ascend Intelligence Services uses AI and machine learning to support continuous improvement of strategic models for clients. This frees up data-scientist time from model building and monitoring activities, it means data can be integrated into models faster, and produces an endpoint that can be utilised by PowerCurve and Experian One. It can offer real-time market insights, benchmarking and health monitoring.

We are evolving our analytics portfolio in response to client demand for a shift towards cloud-based products. We are investing in a roadmap of innovation to evolve from a largely on-premise software business towards a cloud-first, digital-first, API-enabled and scalable platform business. This transformation is well underway and began with our investments to unify and standardise our product suites, easing the process of scaling these globally.

For example, PowerCurve migration to the cloud provides an adaptable platform that enables decisions to be designed to client needs and combines rich data and advanced analytics to drive decisions at scale. The modular design offers agility, and our continual augmentation of machine learning into the platform can bring greater connectivity to the businesses we serve, with frictionless experiences for their consumers.

Advances in automation and technology

Trend

Businesses in all industries are looking to AI and machine learning to automate processes in order to operate more efficiently, and secure productivity gains. New technologies are revolutionising industries, and businesses are investing to remain competitive, with over 95% of Fortune 1000 organisations stating they are investing in big data and AI.

Automation can personalise customer experiences, make online transactions simpler, automate logistics and optimise business decisions, allowing companies to generate significant efficiencies and redeploy their staff to do jobs which require a higher level of human input.

Our response

We are transforming our technology stack to a modern, resilient, scalable and secure cloud-based architecture to accelerate product delivery to clients. Investment in the best technology is critical to the way we ingest, store and secure data, as well as to the way we develop and deliver our products. It is one of the critical factors in how we can maintain and extend competitive advantage. Technology enables us to link Experian and third-party data assets to create innovative products.

In addition, we use technology to enhance our own processes, which has improved productivity. It has allowed us to reduce our conventional cost base and release funds for investment in new opportunities, such as further innovation. For example, we continue to invest in our RPA (Robotic Process Automation) capability and have automated 377 of our key processes, equating to more than 350 years of manual activity time saved since project inception.

95% of Fortune 1000 organisations state they are investing in big data and AI

A changing regulatory environment

Trend

Regulators are becoming increasingly more active in protecting consumer data and privacy rights, and there are now significant financial and reputational consequences for non-compliance. Cybercrime is also increasing, and there is much greater scrutiny of data protection.

As data custodians, businesses have a responsibility to safeguard consumer privacy. We believe we can help our clients and consumers meet their responsibilities in this more demanding environment.

Regulators are opening up banking and other data-rich industries, encouraging consumers to ensure they get the best possible deal.

Our response

We work with regulators to ensure we comply fully with all new regulations, and engage in public debate to ensure policy-makers take into account our views and those of our industry. We develop new services to help our clients remain compliant with regulations that affect them.

Protecting consumer privacy and information security is extremely important to us. We have programmes that evaluate every product and service to ensure we strike the right balance between consumers' privacy expectations and the economic benefit to both consumers and clients. Furthermore, we are channelling investment into our multi-layered and extensive information security programme to manage and protect against cyber security risks, by continually upgrading our security infrastructure in an ever-changing environment.

Accurate data is fundamental to our reputation and business success. We constantly strive to increase the accuracy of our data in a competitive market, to ensure customers can have confidence in the services we provide.

Experian Annual Report 2021, p43 and p44

What is useful? Experian details how data, digital and cyber trends are developing and feeding directly into the strategy, risks and opportunities for the business over the short, medium and long-term.

Treating data with respect

Accuracy

Data is the lifeblood of our business. So ensuring we collect, store and manage data safely and appropriately is fundamental to our ongoing success. It’s important our clients and customers know we take our responsibilities very seriously when it comes to managing data securely, ensuring privacy measures are managed effectively, the data we hold is accurate and we are open and transparent about the data we hold and the way it is processed.

Security

Safeguarding data We hold vast amounts of data on people and businesses. The loss or inappropriate use of data and systems could result in material loss of business, substantial legal liability, regulatory enforcement actions and significant harm to our reputation.

Our approach We continually enhance our security infrastructure, practices and culture across the business through our SecurityFirst programme. We invest heavily in cyber security and have specialist teams, state-of-the-art technology and rigorous due diligence procedures to deal with potential threats.

Our security approach has three tiers: applying tools and processes to prevent threats from entering our environment; detecting if a threat enters our environment; and mitigating any threats by minimising the potential for information to be extracted from our environment.

Protecting our perimeter

We have a defence-in-depth approach to protecting our critical data assets, which provides multiple layers of control and protection.

• Perimeter scanning Scanning the perimeter for open access and scanning applications for regulatory compliance
• Firewall Blocks unauthorised access while permitting outward communication
• Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) Examines network traffic flows to detect and prevent vulnerability exploitation
• Web Application Firewall (WAF) Filters, monitors, and blocks HTTP traffic to and from web applications
• Realtime Application Self Protection (RASP) Detects and blocks computer attacks by taking advantage of information from inside the running software

Server protection Antivirus, host security, continuous reporting

Privacy

We have controls in place to check for compliance and constantly scan for potential threats, with several layers of protection for our data assets (see diagram below). Our perimeter deflects tens of thousands of attempts every day.

Our Global Security Operations Centre works around the clock to identify suspicious or malicious activity, with teams in Malaysia, the UK and the USA, as well as automated tools and AI. If they identify a threat, our incident response team steps in to eliminate it with support from in-house forensic data specialists and external experts if required.

We gather intelligence to help our security teams stay ahead of evolving cyber threats. This year, we expanded our interaction with law enforcement authorities and others in our industry to help give each other early warnings of high-potential cyber security threats. We also share our knowledge to help other businesses and consumers keep their data safe. Our annual Data Breach Industry Forecast for 2021 highlighted areas that have become increasingly vulnerable to cyber attack in the COVID-19 era. Predicted threats include vaccination misinformation and disruption, hackers holding home devices for ransom, and exploitation of ‘track and trace’ apps to gain access to personal user information.

This year, COVID-19 led to almost our entire workforce moving to homeworking and we took steps to provide employees with secure remote connections to our systems. Most data breaches involve some human interaction, often something as simple as clicking a link in an email. Our email and web browsing controls protect against this kind of malware, and our security training also encourages people to think carefully about what they are clicking on.

Our Development, Security and Operations (DevSecOps) teams work together to build security considerations into our products throughout their lifecycle, from start to finish. We use a range of processes, including manual penetration testing, to discover, detect and remediate any potential security risks at every stage of product development – from concept to coding, build, quality assurance and production.

We conduct regular risk assessments and vulnerability checks, and our operations are subject to external cyber security audits every year. Simulated exercises and a global data breach plan prepare our cyber security teams and senior leaders to respond rapidly in the event of a breach.

Security governance

The Chief Information Security Officer has overall responsibility for Experian’s global security strategy and the Global Security Office (GSO) sets relevant policies and standards. The Security and Continuity Steering Committee which includes the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Information Officer – oversees our approach to keeping data secure and protecting consumer information. It reviews key metrics on security tools, compliance and training completion rates every month. The Audit Committee also receives progress reports at each of its meetings.

We have a comprehensive Global Security Policy and controls based on the internationally recognised ISO 27001 standard. Our robust information security programme builds on industry-recognised procedures, including the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) framework. We seek and receive third-party assurance through ISO 27001 certifications of key business areas and systems, as well as other recognised external accreditations of our security programmes. For example, we hold a Cyber Essentials Certification and perform risk assessments against our critical and external-facing applications annually.

Security, Audit and Risk teams work together to continually improve our assurance capabilities and test the effectiveness of our controls. Our Three Lines of Defence model for risk management (see page 73) includes review by Global Internal Audit and oversight from the Board. Any potential policy breaches are thoroughly investigated and we take disciplinary action where appropriate.

The GSO conducts due diligence to identify any potential risks before an acquisition, followed by an in-depth post-acquisition security assessment that is reviewed by Global Internal Audit.

When it is necessary to provide third parties with access to our data and systems, the GSO ensures we provide access in line with our information security requirements. We extend stringent standards on information security to our suppliers and partners through the terms of our contracts. All third parties are risk assessed. Of our nearly 13,000 active third parties, 1,674 have been identified as significant or high risk and all of these have undergone more in-depth assurance by the GSO.

Security requirements are tiered based on this risk assessment, and can include increased controls for higher-risk third parties. We monitor compliance through our third-party risk management framework and third parties identified as significant or high risk are added to the GSO’s continuous monitoring programme which alerts us to any material changes to trigger follow-up action if needed.

Our information security culture

At Experian, information security is everyone’s responsibility. We set out clear requirements for employees and business units in our Security Risk Management and Governance Policy. We invest significant time and resources in training and awareness on information security through our SecurityFirst programme.

Our strong information security culture starts from the top of the business. Senior leaders are highly engaged and continually reinforce the message that security is the personal responsibility of everyone working with us.

All our employees and any contractors who have access to our systems must complete mandatory annual training on information security and data protection. We track training completion rates weekly and provide a monthly dashboard to the Security and Continuity Steering Committee.

More than 250 training courses are available for people across the business to find out more about keeping information safe across various web, mobile and desktop platforms, applications and software. We provide additional in-depth training for people working in higher-risk roles, such as product and software development.

We continually refresh our training to stay up to date with evolving risks and circumstances. This year, we focused on risks associated with working from home and made sure employees understood how to secure their home network, for example by using filtering software and strong passwords. We adapted our regular awareness campaigns to continue providing employees with frequent updates on important topics, such as email protection and phishing.

Our Global Information Values

Wherever we operate, we are committed to five core Global Information Values:

1. Balance
2. Accuracy
3. Security
4. Integrity
5. Communication

250+ training courses are available for people across the business to find out more about keeping information safe.

Scan me to find out more about Experian’s commitment to its Global Information Values.

BAE Systems Annual Report 2021, p12 and p14

What is useful? BAE Systems explains how digital strategy and security risks and opportunities are considered in the context of the company’s broader strategy (including acquisition activity).

We completed two new acquisitions in 2021, both in the UK, firstly a small technology bolt-on which enhances our data and digital capabilities, and secondly In-Space Missions, a company that designs, builds and operates satellites and satellite systems, enabling us to combine BAE Systems’ experience in highly secure satellite communications with In-Space Missions’ full lifecycle satellite capability. We also announced we had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Bohemia Interactive Simulations, a leading developer of advanced military simulation and training software, headquartered in the US.

Our vision

To be the premier international defence, aerospace and security company

Our mission

To provide a vital advantage to help our customers to protect what really matters

Our strategy

Progress during the year

1. Sustain and grow our defence business
   • Defence sales grew by 3%
   • 2021 orders ahead of expectation
   • Number of major long-term programmes continued to grow
   • Increased self-funded R&D
2. Continue to grow our business in adjacent markets
   • Work continued on key controls and avionics development programmes including 777X
   • BAE Systems’ clean propulsion systems continued to expand its product offerings and markets
   • Hydrogen Fuel cell partnerships and EVTOL investments announced
   • Acquisition of In-Space Missions
3. Develop and expand our international business
   • Qatar programme moving into aircraft delivery and support
   • A number of significant export awards for MBDA
   • CV90 awards in several markets
   • Continued to widen reach and relationships in targeted markets especially in Asia-Pacific
4. Inspire and develop a diverse workforce to drive success
   • Progression of employee value proposition to drive recruitment marketing strategy
   • Recruited a record 1,373 apprentices and graduates in the UK
   • Established new gender diversity metrics, embedded our ambitions into process, practices, policies, systems and training
   • Implemented talent management framework across all levels and relaunched leadership and learning programmes online
5. Enhance financial performance and deliver sustainable growth in shareholder value
   • Strong set of financial results delivering order intake, sales, EBIT, EPS and free cash flow growth
   • Dividend increased for 17th year in a row
   • £500m share buyback announced in July 2021 and completed in February 2022
6. Advance and integrate our sustainability agenda
   • UN Race to Zero and 2030 net zero ambitions
   • Record UK apprentice hiring programme and continued investment in STEM and early careers
   • SASB submission and the introduction of disclosures in line with TCFD recommendations
   • Ongoing focus on safety and wellbeing and accredited as real living wage UK employer

Outlook

• Strong order backlog and long-term programme positions
• Defence spending increasing in many of our major markets
• Good opportunity pipeline in all our sectors

• Geopolitical and macro risks still remain

• Our clean propulsion systems technology is well placed as demand for low and zero emission technology grows

• Commercial aerospace recovery is expected in the coming years
• Cyber security and digital technology opportunities with allied governments

• Investment in space capabilities to drive revenue growth in this domain

• Strong bid pipeline in Europe, Asia-Pacific and Middle East supported by increasing defence budgets in many key markets

• Opportunities to develop in new markets driven by threat environment and ability to export from UK, US, Australia and Sweden

• MBDA remains well positioned across Air, Land and Sea

• Build stronger employee experience aligned to organisation culture and sustainability ambitions

• Progress gender diversity goals and develop stronger ethnicity ambitions
• Evolve recruitment transformation programme to focus on critical skills of the future

• Develop workplace climate to build stronger culture of agility and inclusiveness, strengthening our commitment to mental health, safety and wellbeing

• Strong order backlog and established positions on long-term programmes provide a strong platform to deliver mid-term growth

• Focus on improving cash conversion and margin expansion

• Delivery on rolling three-year cash targets enables strategic flexibility to deliver a broad and balanced capital allocation policy and enhanced shareholder returns

• Develop 2030 net zero roadmap and mature TCFD disclosures

• Progress ESG agenda and increase our visibility and impact
• Use external benchmarks to set targets and metrics and drive improvements and ambitions
• Engage employees and key stakeholders to set ESG priorities and drive integrated approach

BAE Systems Annual Report 2021, p138

What is useful? The report from the Innovation and Technology Committee further highlights the importance of the topics within the company and to external stakeholders.

Innovation and Technology Committee report

Ewan Kirk Chair of the Innovation and Technology Committee

Members

• Ewan Kirk (Chair)
• Nick Anderson
• Dame Carolyn Fairbairn
• Nicole Piasecki

Dear Shareholders

I am delighted to present the first report of the Innovation and Technology Committee. The Committee was established by the Board in July 2021. We held our inaugural meeting in October wherein we discussed the innovation and technology landscape in the Company’s principal markets (excluding the US).

In this report, I will give you an overview of the Committee’s remit and in the years to come, I will provide updates on Committee activities and an overview of our discussions.

Role of the Committee

The Committee’s purpose is to promote the success of the Company through the effective oversight of the application of science, engineering and technology, and the successful exploitation of its intellectual property and know-how in pursuit of its business and commercial goals.

Through closer engagement with senior executives, we will support and enhance the Company’s ability to meet its strategic objectives, and assure ourselves that there are in place; an appropriate culture, infrastructure, collaborative practices and activities that stimulate innovation.

We will do so by: - reviewing the allocation and prioritisation of R&D funding; - overseeing of Company processes to identify, develop and exploit technology and intellectual property; and - maintaining strategic oversight and awareness of STEM developments, as applicable to the Company.

To support us in the developing of our understanding of the Group’s technology landscape, we will regularly visit global sites, meeting with employees and managers, and discussing central and sectoral opportunities.

Membership

The Committee is comprised of four non-executive director members; Nick Anderson, Dame Carolyn Fairbairn, Nicole Piasecki and myself. More details of membership and attendance at meetings can be found on page 124. The Committee is supported by members of the senior executive team; the Chief Executive, Group Finance Director, Chief Technology Officer and Group General Counsel are all standing attendees.

National security

In recognition of national security considerations, the Committee focuses principally on the UK business. Much of the intellectual property and know-how owned by the Company is subject to national security laws and regulations, as a result, our site visits and discussions of such technologies are undertaken in accordance with the national security requirements of the UK and other nations.

In particular, the Committee is cognisant of and observes the requirements of BAE Systems, Inc.’s Special Security Agreement.

Ewan Kirk Chair of the Innovation and Technology Committee

Governance (Examples)

Helping investors understand	Extract
The links between the governance of digital transformation and security risks to strategy and risk appetite	Schneider Electric; Landsec; UBS
How the board and its committees have oversight of these risks. This may also include who within the company has ownership of specific risks, and the access they have to senior leaders	Flutter Entertainment; Reach; London Stock Exchange Group; RELX; Admiral Group; NatWest Group; Ocado Group
What the company has done to foster a digital security (or cybersecurity) culture	Schneider Electric; Admiral Group
The relevant skills of the board and any assurance obtained	Flutter Entertainment; RELX; NatWest Group; Admiral Group

Schneider Electric Universal Registration Document 2021, p38 and p97

What is useful? Schneider Electric has taken a holistic approach to cybersecurity and has embedded it into its wider ‘trust charter’. The trust charter is used to set expectations around the overall company culture. The company has used a case study and key metrics to help demonstrate how its approach to trust is embedded into the company.

Trust

SSE #13

100% of employees trained every year on Cybersecurity and Ethics

Feedback received from our employees confirm that our trainings efficiently help them to act as "integrity ambassadors". Cybersecurity training: "Very much anchored in real life both professional and personal. Did not see the 30m pass. Way to go!" Principles of Responsibility training: "I love the fact that this course reminds you the basics and makes you use your brain and put yourself in the shoes of colleagues in difficult situations. Love the voice of so many of our colleagues too!" Anticorruption training: "The content is simple and easy to understand. This is a must for any Schneider employee."

Baseline	2021 Progress	2025 target
90%	96%	100%

Trust Charter, Schneider Electric’s Code of Conduct

In 2021, Schneider Electric evolved its Principles of Responsibility to the Trust Charter, acting as the Group’s Code of Conduct and demonstrating its commitment to ethics, safety, sustainability, quality, and cybersecurity. Schneider Electric believes that trust is a foundational value. It is earned. It serves as a compass, showing the true north in an ever more complex world and Schneider Electric considers it to be core to its environment, sustainability, and governance commitments.

Trust powers all Schneider Electric’s interactions with stakeholders and all relationships with customers, shareholders, employees, and the communities they serve, in a meaningful, inclusive and positive way.

2021 highlights

96% employees trained on Cybersecurity and Ethics.

81% of our employees are confident to report unethical conduct.

26% of confirmed cases raised via the Trust Line lead to actions.

Ethisphere Institute – One of the 2021 World’s Most Ethical Companies.

Schneider Electric Universal Registration Document 2021, p41

What is useful? The company further builds on the cyber culture disclosure and demonstrates through its disclosure that it considers cybersecurity risk beyond the company boundary, i.e. suppliers, contractors and communities.

These risk considerations then connect with the company’s detailed exploration of risks, mitigations and opportunities.

Schneider 2021 Vigilance risk matrix

• Very high risk
• High risk
• Medium risk
• Low risk

Offer safety and cybersecurity	Offer safety	Cybersecurity and data privacy	Schneider Electric sites	Offices	Travelers, sales forces	Factories low voltage and electronics	Factories medium voltage	Project centers	Field services	Suppliers	Travels and hospitality	Transportation and shipping	Raw materials	Metal transformation and treatment	Plastics	Batteries	Other components	Contractors	On Schneider Electric sites	Off site and projects execution	Communities	Around Schneider Electric sites	Around customers project sites
Offer safety and cybersecurity
Offer safety	●		●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
Cybersecurity and data privacy		●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●

Company insight: Schneider Electric SE

During a discussion with Schneider Electric to understand more about their approach to ‘cybersecurity disclosure’ they identified some key considerations:

1. The more disclosure, the better – rather than focus on just what is required, report the maximum allowable by the company’s policies
2. Be proactive, not reactive – integrate cyber, digital and data risks into the broader enterprise risk management framework and try to anticipate regulations before they are implemented – this allows systems, processes and reporting to be ahead of the game
3. Own the narrative – this can only be achieved if you report and make information visible to your community. If not reported directly by the company, information may be obtained through other channels, potentially resulting in an alternative narrative being presented to the market and other stakeholders
4. Consider the company’s importance and role in the value chain especially for critical infrastructure – report information that allows others to fully understand the company and its cybersecurity posture

Schneider Electric Universal Registration Document 2021, p83 and p84

What is useful? These risk considerations then connect with the company’s detailed exploration of risks, mitigations and opportunities.

Cybersecurity and data privacy

| Risk description and impact | Policies | Main actions and 2021 performance 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File

Name FRC Lab Report: Digital Security Risk Disclosure - Example Bank

Publication date 27 September 2023

Format PDF, 12.3 MB

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